Vitalik Buterin, Ethereum co-founder, warned on October 7, 2026 that AI-accelerated mathematical research has a good chance of significantly weakening lattice-based cryptography within two years. This family includes ML-DSA and fully homomorphic encryption (FHE), as well as ECDSA, the widely used elliptic curve signature algorithm. He recommended increasing key sizes tenfold, avoiding on-chain storage of encrypted data, and rotating multisig keys after each operation. Buterin advocates a shift toward hash-based signatures like WOTS and SPHINCS+, which rely on simpler mathematical foundations. His two-year timeline contrasts with the quantum computing threat, typically framed as a more distant concern.
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