Fireblocks reduced the cost of ML-DSA-44 signature verification on Ethereum from 8.09 million to 1.23 million gas, a 6.6x improvement. The company used an autonomous research team of 144 AI agents over nine days at an approximate cost of $7,500. The main optimization targeted SHAKE-256 hashing, reducing its gas contribution from 3 million to approximately 400,000. No changes to the Ethereum protocol were required, with the implementation working entirely within the existing EVM instruction set. This lattice-based approach aligns with NIST’s primary recommendation for post-quantum digital signatures.
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