Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin warned on October 7, 2026 that advances in AI-driven mathematics could weaken lattice-based cryptography, saying there is a “good chance” its security could be compromised within two years. He specifically identified two systems at risk: ML-DSA, a digital signature scheme designed to resist quantum attacks, and Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE), which allows computing on encrypted data without decryption. Buterin also flagged a growing risk to ECDSA signatures used by crypto wallets. He recommends using hash-based signatures rather than lattice schemes, and favoring fresh addresses that have never executed a transaction to reduce the attack surface. The Ethereum Foundation had already begun this transition through its Lean roadmap, incorporating signatures such as WOTS and SPHINCS+.
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