Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin said on October 7, 2026 that public-key cryptography may need one or two more upgrades before reaching long-term stability. He is concerned that rapid progress in AI-driven mathematics could significantly weaken lattice-based cryptographic schemes like ML-DSA and Falcon within two years. He proposes increasing lattice key sizes by a factor of ten as a hedge against this risk. While he prefers hash-based cryptography for security priorities, he acknowledges that public-key encryption cannot rely on hashes alone because it requires mathematical structures that function as trapdoors. The Hegotá upgrade scheduled for 2027 is expected to move Ethereum toward quantum-safe and AI-resilient designs.
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