Arkham suggested that the UTXO model could be Satoshi Nakamoto’s most underrated innovation. This accounting mechanism tracks available funds as discrete, spendable units, with every coin traceable to its source to prevent double-spending. The term does not appear in Bitcoin’s whitepaper, published on October 31, 2008, but the concept is described in sections covering the combining and splitting of value and the reclamation of disk space. Litecoin, Dogecoin, Zcash, Dash and Bitcoin Cash retain this model, while Cardano uses an adapted version called eUTXO, which adds smart-contract programmability.
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