Russia’s invasion of Ukraine forced Europe to rethink its energy transition by integrating cost and security considerations alongside sustainability. China distinguishes itself through the speed and diversity of its technological investments, from solar to biofuels and carbon capture, while Brazil has emerged as a leader in biofuels derived from sugarcane and macaúba. The European Union produced in 2024 nearly half its energy (48%) from renewable sources and 28% from nuclear power. Physical AI, which optimizes buildings, factories and supply chains, represents a major opportunity to improve energy efficiency at lower cost, but Europe must adapt its regulations to accelerate rather than slow down the transition.
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