LZ Research published a theoretical paper showing that rational validators could coordinate an equivocation attack while avoiding slashing penalties. Researchers Hao Chung and Chen-Da Liu-Zhang describe a coordination protocol that allows validators to not risk their staked funds if the attack does not reach a critical threshold. The paper demonstrates that this strategy constitutes an ex post Nash equilibrium and can generate positive gains even when minimal. This finding challenges the fundamental security of slashing mechanisms meant to protect proof-of-stake networks. The authors specify, however, that their research remains theoretical and does not analyze any specific protocol.
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