Charles Hoskinson, founder of Cardano, said the network will be complete after the Leios upgrade. The blockchain already has decentralized consensus, governance, EUTXO, Plutus, infinite scalability, security with formal methods, multiple independent nodes, and millions of Ada holders. The Leios upgrade is the next-generation consensus and scaling solution designed to increase throughput from about 5-10 TPS to around 100 TPS, with a longer-term target of 1,000 TPS. The public testnet (Musashi Dojo) launched on June 23, 2026, and is currently in the Fire phase of its five-phase rollout. IOG developers demonstrated about 1,000 TPS in testing in September 2026.
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