Leios, Cardano’s upgrade, demonstrated sixfold throughput gains on its public testnet, reaching 26.8 TxkB/s compared to 4.51 TxkB/s for the existing Praos system. The test produced over 127,000 blocks over 41 days, but the traffic was artificially generated to stress the system, establishing no real fee revenue. According to the economic model, Cardano will need to generate roughly 36 to 50 sustained transactions per second to offset declining reserve-funded rewards, or approximately 45 TPS after the 20% treasury deduction. The network targets mainnet readiness by the end of 2026, but real adoption, generated fees, and their impact on delegators remain unproven.
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