The study examines 973,581 Lightning channel closures between January 2018 and October 31, 2026, including 523,815 force closes. In a sample of 14,435 public force closes in 2026, median fees amounted to 925 satoshis per channel, compared with 197 satoshis for cooperative closes. The party initiating the closure nevertheless had to wait a median of 2.5 days before reclaiming its balance. This delay, tied to Lightning’s protection mechanism against revoked transactions, remains unchanged by the zero-fee design of the BOLT 3 specification, even when settlement fees are low.
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