The future European digital identity wallet, developed from France Identité, will operate without blockchain, while Bhutan will use Ethereum to verify attestations as of October 2025. In both cases, an organisation issues a signed credential, the user stores it in their wallet and the recipient verifies its authenticity. Blockchain provides a shared register for checking issuers, but it does not certify facts or remove the authority of governments and platforms. It can also make data deletion and user tracking more difficult, whereas the European wallet aims to limit the sharing of supporting documents through electronic certificates, trust lists and zero-knowledge proofs. Security ultimately depends as much on oversight by organisations as on technical protections, as illustrated by the DGFiP’s revelation in February that data relating to approximately 1.2 million FICOBA accounts had been exposed.
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