China’s Ministry of State Security (MSS) is warning about the risks posed by artificial intelligence to national security, including sensitive data leaks, model manipulation, and influence operations. China has strengthened its legal framework with an expanded anti-espionage law in 2023 and mandatory labeling of AI-generated content since September 2025. Xi Jinping set the direction during a study session in April 2025: AI must be « safe, reliable, and controllable. » This approach mirrors the doctrine already applied to cryptocurrencies, with bans on open networks and promotion of traceable digital yuan. China still claims to hold approximately 194,000 BTC seized in the PlusToken case, although several on-chain analysts believe this stock was liquidated as early as 2019.
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